Author: ag-safety

Posted on

Anhydrous Ammonia Safety

Anhydrous Ammonia

(Source: Pennsylvania State University. Agricultural Safety and Health)

Use the following format to cite this article:

Anhydrous ammonia safety. (2012) Farm and Ranch eXtension in Safety and Health (FReSH) Community of Practice. Retrieved from http://www.extension.org/pages/63196/anhydrous-ammonia-safety.

 

Anhydrous ammonia (NH3) is a nitrogen crop fertilizer that can cause severe chemical burns; frostbite to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract; and death. It is important for all individuals working with this type of fertilizer to understand the potential risks, necessary safety precautions, and proper response in the event of accidental contact.

Anhydrous ammonia is a hygroscopic compound, meaning that it takes up water from the nearest source, which can include the human body—especially the eyes, lungs, and skin because of their high moisture content. Anhydrous ammonia is caustic, corrosive, and damaging to tissue high in moisture content when it contacts the human body. Anhydrous ammonia inhalation incidents are typically severe because the victim’s throat can swell shut, causing suffocation. When vapors or liquid come in contact with a person’s eyes, blindness may occur.

Typically, anhydrous ammonia is stored under pressure, but it vaporizes to a colorless gas. It has a unique odor that can be detected at a low concentration of 5 ppm. The concentration in fertilizer is approximately 1,000,000 ppm, but even brief exposure to a concentration of 2,500 to 6,500 ppm can result in death.

Anhydrous ammonia is transported under pressure as a liquid, so all equipment used for transport must be designed for use under high pressure to avoid ruptures or breaks. Incidents can occur when anhydrous ammonia escapes from transfer hoses or valves, equipment malfunctions and sprays anhydrous ammonia in multiple directions, hoses pull apart during transportation or application, and so on.

PPE and Supplies

It is essential that all workers who use anhydrous ammonia wear the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), be equipped with necessary response supplies, and know how to respond in an emergency. PPE should include ventless goggles or a full-face shield, rubber gloves with long cuffs that can be rolled to catch drips, and a long-sleeved shirt. Nonrubber gloves made of ammonia-proof material are acceptable. Because contact lenses can trap the gas and become fused to the eye, it is recommended that individuals not wear contact lenses while working with anhydrous ammonia.

In the event of an exposure emergency, the most important resource is an ample supply of clean water to begin flushing the eyes and skin. If you use a vehicle to transport anhydrous ammonia, you must carry a 5 gal. container of clean water. Each person working with anhydrous ammonia should carry a 6 to 8 fl. oz. squeeze bottle of water at all times for rapid response to an emergency.

Basic First Aid for Anhydrous Ammonia Exposure

The first-response treatment for anhydrous ammonia exposure is to flush the exposed area (skin, nose, throat, eyes, and so on) with clean water for a minimum of 15 minutes.

  • Flush the exposed area immediately to decrease injury caused by the anhydrous ammonia coming in contact with skin or clothes. Although clean water is the ideal resource for flushing exposed areas of the body, if you do not have water available, other nontoxic liquids, such as cold coffee or orange juice, can be used.
  • Remove contaminated clothing unless the clothing is frozen to the victim’s skin.
  • Seek medical attention immediately and inform medical staff of the exposure to anhydrous ammonia so that they will not treat the wounds with oils or ointments that can intensify the damage.

If you find a person who is in a continuous stream of anhydrous ammonia, contact your local emergency service responders or 911. Inform the emergency medical responders about the type of incident so they can bring the proper equipment to the scene. A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and protective clothing are necessary to remove a person from a continuous stream. Rescue workers will contact a hazardous materials (HAZMAT) disposal team if HAZMAT services are needed at the scene.

Note that these guidelines are not comprehensive, and all individuals working with anhydrous ammonia should receive training in the proper response to exposure emergencies.

Storage and Transportation

Anhydrous ammonia is a strong alkali that, when dissolved in water, readily reacts with copper, zinc, brass, and other alloys. Therefore, the only types of containers, fittings, and piping that should come in contact with anhydrous ammonia should be nongalvanized steel or iron. Do not store other materials, such as propane or liquefied petroleum gas, in a tank that has been used to store anhydrous ammonia.

When filling your anhydrous ammonia tank, do not fill it more than 85% full, and always disconnect the fill hose before moving the tank. Remember to bleed pressurized anhydrous ammonia from the hose before connecting or disconnecting the hose.

When transporting anhydrous ammonia, be sure to adhere to the following precautions and safety rules:

  • Running Gear: Regularly inspect the wagon’s frame tongue, reach poles, anchor devices, wheel bearings, knuckles, ball joints, and pins for structural damage and wear and make necessary repairs and adjustments.
  • Tires: Check tires for proper inflation, bald spots, and signs of wear and ensure that lug nuts are tight.
  • Hoses and Valves: Inspect and replace hoses and valves as needed.

    • The hydrostatic relief valve should be replaced every five years.
    • The transfer hose should be replaced five years from the date of manufacture.
  • Lubrication: Annually lubricate the wagon’s knuckle, wheels, tongues, and so on.
  • Towing Vehicle: To increase the driver’s ability to control the towing vehicle, ensure that the towing vehicle weighs at least as much as the tank.

    • A tractor can tow two tanks, but a truck can tow only one tank at a time.
  • Speed Limit: When towing an anhydrous ammonia tank, observe a speed limit of 25 mph.
  • Hitch Pin: Use a hitch pin with a safety chain when towing a tank wagon.
  • Warning Lights: Ensure that the tank is equipped with a seven-terminal breakaway connector plug to properly operate turn signals, flashing warning lights, and a red brake light.
  • Safety Signage: If operating on a highway, outfit the tank with all required safety markings, including a slow-moving vehicle (SMV) sign. (Click here for more information about SMV signs and increasing the visibility of your agricultural equipment.)

    • The words Anhydrous Ammonia must appear on both sides of the tank and on the rear of the tank in letters 4 in. high. The words should be in contrast to the tank so that they can be read easily.
    • Inhalation Hazard must appear on both sides of the tank in letters 3 in. high.  
    • A Department of Transportation (DOT) placard number 1005 for nonflammable gas should be placed on the front, back, and sides of the tank.

 

Additional Safety Recommendations

  • Paint the tank with reflective white paint to decrease excessive pressure buildup that can occur when the tank is heated from direct sunlight.
  • Do not use dented or damaged tanks until they have been checked by an authorized inspector and necessary repairs are completed.
  • Allow only certified welders to perform welding on the tank. 
  • Regulations and codes regarding towing of anhydrous ammonia and signage may vary, so be familiar with and obey the regulations in your state.
 

 

Use the following format to cite this article:

 

Anhydrous ammonia safety. (2012) Farm and Ranch eXtension in Safety and Health (FReSH) Community of Practice. Retrieved from http://www.extension.org/pages/63196/anhydrous-ammonia-safety.

 

Sources

Schwab, C., Hanna, M., & Miller, L. (2008) Anhydrous ammonia safety: Play it safe with anhydrous ammonia. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. Retrieved from https://store.extension.iastate.edu/ItemDetail.aspx?ProductID=4989.

Training module: Safe handling of anhydrous ammonia (NH3). (2002) Ohio State University Extension. Retrieved from http://nasdonline.org/1731/d001719/safe-handling-of-anhydrous-ammonia-nh….

Training module: Towing anhydrous ammonia tanks. (2002) Ohio State University Extension Agricultural Tailgate Safety Training. Retrieved from http://nasdonline.org/1794/d001750/towing-anhydrous-ammonia-tanks.html.

 

Reviewed and Summarized by:
LaMar Grafft, East Carolina University – grafftl@ecu.edu
Linda M. Fetzer, Pennsylvania State University – lmf8@psu.edu
Dennis J. Murphy, Pennsylvania State University (Has since retired)
J. Samuel Steel, Pennsylvania State University (Has since retired)
Aaron M. Yoder, University of Nebraska Medical Center – aaron.yoder@unmc.edu
Posted on

Fires in the Home: Prevention and Preparedness


Use the following format to cite this article:

Fires in the home: Prevention and preparedness. (2012). Farm and Ranch eXtension in Safety and Health (FReSH) Community of Practice. Retrieved from http://www.extension.org/pages/63194/fires-in-the-home:-prevention-and-preparedness.

 

A fire can happen anywhere and at any time in a home. Fires and burns are the main causes of accidental injury deaths at home, with older adults and small children at the greatest risk. Careless smoking is the leading cause of accidental fires.

The recommendations in this article can help you reduce the risk of a home fire and prepare your family in the event of a fire. In addition to these recommendations, make sure that everyone in your house knows how to call 911 in the event of an emergency.

Smoke Detectors/Alarms

Smoke detectors are designed to detect fires and alert building occupants to the presence of smoke. According to the U.S. Fire Administration, the use of smoke detectors can reduce the risk of fire fatality by approximately 50%.

Smoke detectors are necessary on every level of a home and especially outside of sleeping areas. Maintain smoke detectors by testing them every month and changing the batteries twice a year. To help you remember to change the batteries regularly, make a habit of changing smoke detector batteries in the spring and fall when you change your clocks to adjust for daylight saving time. Residential guidelines for smoke detector installation and maintenance vary by state.

Fire Extinguishers

Multiple fire extinguishers should be located strategically throughout your home. Always keep an all-purpose ABC fire extinguisher (rated for ordinary combustibles, grease, and electrical fires) in your kitchen. Place the kitchen extinguisher in a location that is easy to reach in the event of a stove fire. Keep additional fire extinguishers in areas where fires are likely to start, such as the garage or near the furnace.

Fire Extinguisher

(Source: Pennsylvania State University. Agricultural Safety and Health)

Everyone in your household should know the location of fire extinguishers, and those family members who are capable should be trained in how to use them properly. To operate a fire extinguisher, remember the acronym PASS:

P – Pull the pin. Hold the extinguisher with the nozzle pointing away from you and release the locking mechanism.

A – Aim low. Point the nozzle of the extinguisher at the base of the fire.

S – Squeeze. Slowly and evenly squeeze the lever.

S – Sweep. Sweep the nozzle from side to side.

Fire extinguishers are affordable and can save lives and property. The most versatile type of extinguisher is a 10 lb., ABC extinguisher, which can be used on different types of fires. Each of the following types of fire extinguishers is designed to put out a specific type of fire.

Fires Extinguishers and Usage
Extinguisher Class Usage
Class A Fires of combustible materials such as clothing, wood, rubber, paper, and some plastics
Class B Fires involving flammable liquids, such as grease, gasoline, oil, and oil-based paints
Class C Fires that involve appliances, tools, or other types of equipment plugged into an electrical outlet
Class D Fires involving flammable metals; typically found in factories
Class K Fires involving vegetable oil, animal oils, or fats in cooking appliances; typically found in commercial kitchens, but the residential market continues to grow
Multipurpose   Different types as described in the categories above (for example, ABC or BC) 

Like smoke detectors, fire extinguishers require regular maintenance. You should shake dry chemical extinguishers monthly to prevent the powder from settling. Follow the manufacturer’s directions concerning pressure testing and replace a unit if it will not charge or is damaged.

View  the video below about fire extinguisher usage by the Fire Equipment Manufacturers’ Association.

Escape Routes and Plans

Before a fire occurs, develop an escape route with your family. An escape route should be planned for each area of the home and should include a designated family meeting area in an outside location away from the fire. Draw a map and practice the escape route so that every family member is familiar with the plan. Instruct family members to crawl underneath the smoke when escaping a fire and to “stop, drop, and roll” if their clothing is on fire.

If your home has multiple levels, purchase an escape ladder to provide safe exit from upper levels. All family members need to know the location of the escape ladder and be familiar with its use. Sleeping rooms should have two routes of escape, such as a door and a window. If a window is an exit route, make sure that the window opens properly. Once you and your family are out of the house, call 911 and do not go back into the house for any reason.

Resources

Click HERE to visit the U.S. Fire Administration website for information and resources to plan your home fire escape route.

Click HERE to be directed to a Fire Safety for Kids infographic provided by ContractQuotes.us.

 

Use the following format to cite this article:

Fires in the home: Prevention and preparedness. (2012). Farm and Ranch eXtension in Safety and Health (FReSH) Community of Practice. Retrieved from http://www.extension.org/pages/63194/fires-in-the-home:-prevention-and-preparedness.

 

Sources

Choosing and using fire extinguishers. (2015) U.S. Fire Administration. Retrieved from http://www.usfa.fema.gov/prevention/outreach/extinguishers.html.

Home fire escape planning outreach materials. (2014) U.S. Fire Administration. Retrieved from http://www.usfa.fema.gov/prevention/outreach/escape.html.

Keeping kids safe from fires. (2015) U.S. Fire Administration. Retrieved from http://www.usfa.fema.gov/prevention/outreach/children.html.

 

Reviewed and Summarized by:
Linda M. Fetzer, Pennsylvania State University – lmf8@psu.edu
Dave Hill, Pennsylvania State University (Has since retired)
Jimmy Maass, Virginia Farm Bureau (Has since retired)
Dennis J. Murphy, Pennsylvania State University (Has since retired)
Aaron M. Yoder, University of Nebraska Medical Center – aaron.yoder@unmc.edu
Posted on

PA Agricultural Rescue Training

 

Ag Rescue Training

(Source: Pennsylvania State University. Agricultural Safety and Health)

Recognizing the importance of agricultural rescue training and the lack of such training for county and state emergency responders, members of the Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) Agricultural Safety and Health team developed the PA Agricultural Rescue Training program to provide necessary training to emergency service workers so that they can respond effectively to agricultural emergencies.

Website Link

Click here to be directed to the PA Agricultural Rescue Training website.

Target Audience

The training is designed for local emergency service workers, including fire, rescue, emergency medical services (EMS), county animal response team (CART), and police.

Learning Objectives and Goals

The PA Agricultural Rescue Training program at Penn State is concerned with developing and delivering training that will:

  • help emergency personnel become aware of the many hazards that could happen while managing an agricultural emergency.
  • help emergency personnel understand the importance of pre-planning for various farm emergencies in their communities.
  • help fire, EMS, and CART units specialize in various aspects of agricultural rescue—such as incidents involving machinery, chemicals, animals, or confined spaces—and become technically competent in at least one of these areas.
  • encourage fire, EMS, and CART units to work together to develop effective agricultural rescue strategies that will result in higher quality pre-hospital patient care and animal response.
  • teach emergency responders to be proficient within their area of expertise (fire, rescue, EMS, CART) while managing farm emergencies.

Learning Activities

Ag Rescue Training

(Source: Pennsylvania State University. Agricultural Safety and Health)

PA Agricultural Rescue is divided into module units. Depending on the units, sessions are taught in one or two days of classroom instruction. Many of the training opportunities involve classroom instruction and hands-on experiential learning. The following modules are available:

  • Agricultural Emergencies Awareness provides an overview of agricultural emergencies.
  • Emergency Rescue in an Agricultural Environment trains responders about the uniqueness of farm rescues and provides instruction in the application of learned techniques in non-farm emergencies.
  • Managing Farm Chemical Emergencies trains responders to evaluate and respond to emergencies involving agricultural chemicals.
  • Farm Confined Space Emergencies Awareness trains responders to recognize and evaluate various farm confined space emergencies. Participants learn to apply OSHA Confined Space Standards to confined space situations and to respond effectively to this type of emergency.
  • Large Animal Rescue Training trains CART members and emergency responders to better manage emergencies involving large (farm) animals.
  • Introduction to Grain Elevator and Feed Mill Fires teaches emergency responders about the importance of preplanning for fires and emergencies involving grain elevators and feed mills.
  • Animals in Barn Fires provides participants with an understanding of farm animal behavior and how animals may react in a fire situation.

Evaluation

Participants are required to complete a pre- and post-test for each module and to perform certain hands-on activities (many of these activities, depending on subject area, are team based). Each participant completes a class evaluation at the end of the training event.

Use the following format to cite this article:

PA agricultural rescue training. (2021) Ag Safety and Heatlh eXtension Community of Practice. Retrieved from http://ag-safety.extension.org/pagricultural-rescue-training.

Reviewed and Summarized by:
Linda M. Fetzer, Pennsylvania State University – lmf8@psu.edu
Dave E. Hill, Pennsylvania State University (Has since retired)
Dennis J. Murphy, Pennsylvania State University (Has since retired)
Aaron M. Yoder, University of Nebraska Medical Center – aaron.yoder@unmc.edu
Posted on

National AgrAbility Project

National AgrAbility Project logo

 

AgrAbility is funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to provide direct services to farmers and ranchers with disabilities or long-term health conditions that impact their ability to work in production agriculture. National, state, and regional AgrAbility Projects are partnerships between land-grant institutions and nonprofit disability services organizations. AgrAbility’s objectives include:

  • developing service capacity by presenting educational programs designed to increase a producer’s capabilities, adapting new technologies, and delivering program content at educational activities venues;
  • encouraging networking to foster information sharing; and
  • providing direct services to agricultural workers.

AgrAbility’s Mission Statement

The vision of AgrAbility is to enable a high-quality lifestyle for farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural workers with disabilities, so that they, their families, and their communities continue to succeed in rural America. For this target audience, success may be defined by many parameters, including:

  • gainful employment in production agriculture or a related occupation;
  • access to appropriate assistive technology needed for work and daily living activities;
  • evidence-based information related to the treatment and rehabilitation of disabling conditions; and
  • targeted support for family caregivers of AgrAbility customers.

Click here to locate the AgrAbility Project in your area.

Assistive Technology for Agricultural Producers

Agricultural producers with disabilities or chronic health conditions who have difficulties completing their responsibilities on the farm or ranch may benefit from assistive technology (AT). Per the Assistive Technology Act of 1998, AT can be defined as any item, piece of equipment, or product system—whether modified, customized, or acquired commercially off the shelf—that is used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities. The following list provides examples of assistive technology for agricultural producers:

  • Extra steps and handrails on a tractor help a producer with arthritis get in and out of the cab of a tractor.
  • An automatic hitching system enables a producer with mobility impairment to hitch and unhitch wagons while he or she remains in the tractor seat, reducing the strain on the knees and hips.
  • An automatic feed cart enables a person with a back impairment who can no longer use a wheelbarrow to feed a dairy herd.

Click here to be directed to the searchable online version of “The Toolbox,” a compilation of assistive technology solutions for producers with disabilities developed by the Breaking New Ground Resource Center.

Source

Assistive technology act. (1998) U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-118/pdf/STATUTE-118-Pg1707.pdf.

 
 

Use the following format to cite this article:

National AgrAbility Project. (2012) Farm and Ranch eXtension in Safety and Health (FReSH) Community of Practice. Retrieved from http://www.extension.org/pages/63162/national-agrability-project.

 
Reviewed and Summarized by:
Kerri Ebert, Kansas State University – kebert@ksu.edu
Linda M. Fetzer, Pennsylvania State University – lmf8@psu.edu
Dennis J. Murphy, Pennsylvania State University – (Has since retired)
Rob Stuthridge, Purdue University
Aaron M. Yoder, University of Nebraska Medical Center – aaron.yoder@unmc.edu
 
Posted on

Entrapment Risks due to Flowing Grain

 

Use the following format to cite this article:

Entrapment risks due to flowing grain. (2021) Ag Safety and Health eXtension Community of Practice. Retrieved from https://ag-safety.extension.org/entrapment-risk-due-to-flowing-grain/.

Farmers and ranchers use bins to dry and store grain and to feed their livestock. For the most part, augers are used to transfer the grain to and from bins. Some machinery and augers now used in production agriculture have increased in size and power, resulting in less time for farmers and ranchers to react in dangerous situations. It is therefore important to understand fully the hazards and risks associated with flowing grain and to follow safety guidelines to avoid a potentially fatal injury incident. There are four main situations that pose entrapment risks when you work with stored grain: flowing grain, grain bridge collapse, grain wall avalanche, and use of a grain vacuum. Each of these situations and its entrapment risks are described below.

Flowing Grain

Grain Bin with Flowing Corn

(Source: Pennsylvania State University. Agricultural Safety and Health)

An auger is used to move grain from the bottom center to the outer edge of a grain bin, and from there into a vehicle or alternative storage area. As the grain flows, it forms a funnel, with the wide mouth of the funnel at the top and a smaller opening at the bottom, as shown in the diagram above. If you are in the bin when the grain is being unloaded, you can quickly become engulfed in grain. Depending on the size of the auger, you can be trapped in grain up to your waist within 10 seconds and completely submerged within 25 seconds. Once you are submerged in grain, it can take over 1,000 lb. of force to free your body.

Grain Bridge Collapse

Farmer on Moldy Corn Bridge

(Source: Pennsylvania State University. Agricultural Safety and Health)

A grain bridge forms when grain in poor condition exists throughout a bin. Cavities or pockets of loose grain can form under the crusted level when the auger begins to unload grain from the bin. Grain bridges are not stable, and if you are standing on top of a grain bridge when it collapses, you can quickly become entrapped in the grain. Once you fall through the grain bridge and are trapped, it may be difficult to locate you because the grain will flow rapidly into the area around you.

The proper way to break up or remove a grain bridge is to use a long pole inserted through an access hole from outside the grain bin.

Grain Wall Avalanche

Farmer in Bin with Corn

(Source: Pennsylvania State University. Agricultural Safety and Health)

Moldy or frozen grain can cling to the side of a grain bin, as shown in the diagram above. A grain avalanche can occur when you are breaking up crusted grain from within a bin and the grain wall is higher than you. The grain wall can collapse, creating an avalanche that can quickly engulf you, causing injury or death.

If you must enter a bin, use a body harness and a safety line that is securely tied off. Work above the vertical grain wall, staying above its highest point.

Use of a Grain Vacuum

Grain vacuums are being used with higher frequency as a means of moving grain rapidly from older bins with smaller unloading augers, bins in remote locations without augers, and bins that have mechanical problems. Powered by a tractor power take-off, electricity, or an external motor, these vacuums have the capacity to move several thousand bushels of grain an hour. Typically, an operator uses the vacuum inside the bin, moving the nozzle in a sweeping motion. During the last few years, several operators have been killed when using the equipment in this manner. If the operator drops or releases the nozzle, it can quickly become buried in grain. As a result, the operator may try to lift the nozzle while the vacuum is running. This can cause the grain to be sucked out from under the operator, burying him or her in seconds.

Below are two videos that demonstrate the use of a grain vacuum. To view a grain vacuum in use within a bin, click on the video below.

To see a grain vacuum transferring grain into a truck, click on the video below.

Suffocation in Grain Bins

Flowing grain is similar to quicksand and can quickly engulf you, resulting in suffocation. When even a small amount of grain has space to move, it quickly fills in that new area. When you are trapped by grain and exhale to breathe, the grain flows into the space created by the movement of your chest, placing pressure on your chest and reducing the space that your lungs have to expand during your next inhalation. Each time you exhale a breath, the space around your chest decreases, eventually causing you to suffocate as you take smaller and smaller breaths (or shallower and shallower). When you are trapped in flowing grain, you can also suffocate from taking grain particles into your lungs, stomach, and throat.

Entrapment in Grain Transport Vehicles

Entrapment incidents can occur in grain transport vehicles that are used to move grain from one location to another. The most common types of grain transport vehicles are gravity wagons and bulk material semitrailers. Entrapment in these vehicles is similar to entrapment in a grain bin: a quicksand effect can occur during the loading or unloading process.

Safety Recommendations

  • Lock all access doors to grain storage structures.
  • Secure grain bin ladders and doors to prevent unauthorized entry, especially by children.
  • Never allow children to play or ride in grain wagons. Most grain entrapment incidents in on-farm transport vehicles involve children.
  • Apply entrapment warning decals to all grain bins, wagons, and grain storage areas, as well as commercial transport vehicles.
  • Never work alone! When working with others during grain unloading, know where each person is located and what he or she is doing.
  • Warn workers, family members, and visitors about the dangers of flowing grain and the risk of entrapment.
  • Establish a nonverbal communication system with others when working around flowing grain because of the excessive equipment noise levels.
  • When possible, use inspection holes and grain bin level markers rather than physically entering a grain bin.
  • Before entering the grain bin, lock out and tag out all power controls to unloading augers and conveyors.
  • If you must enter the grain bin, wear a body harness with a lifeline secured to the outside of the bin, and have at least one other person observing your work activity in the bin.
  • When cleaning a grain bin, always work from top to bottom.

Use the following format to cite this article:

Entrapment risks due to flowing grain. (2021) Ag Safety and Health eXtension Community of Practice. Retrieved from https://ag-safety.extension.org/entrapment-risk-due-to-flowing-grain/.

Sources

LaPrade, J. (2008) Grain bin hazards and safety considerations. Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Retrieved from https://store.aces.edu/(S(wgo00aqtzi1ami55t4ckx255))/ItemDetail.aspx?ProductID=16178&SeriesCode=&CategoryID=144&Keyword=&cn-reloaded=1.

Schwab, C., Hanna, M. & Miller, L. (2004) Handle your grain harvest with care. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. Retrieved from https://store.extension.iastate.edu/ItemDetail.aspx?ProductID=4614.

Grain bin hazards. (2019). Ohio State University Extension Agricultural Tailgate Safety Training. Retrieved from https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/aex-59155.

Yoder, A., Murphy, D. & Hilton, J. (2003). Hazards of flowing grain. Pennsylvania State University College of Agricultural Sciences Cooperative Extension. Retrieved from https://extension.psu.edu/hazards-of-flowing-grain.

Reviewers, Contributors, and Summarized by:
Linda M. Fetzer, Pennsylvania State University – lmf8@psu.edu
LaMar Grafft, East Carolina University – grafftl@ecu.edu
Davis E. Hill, Pennsylvania State University – Has since retired
Dennis J. Murphy, Pennsylvania State University – Has since retired
J. Samuel Steel, Pennsylvania State University (Has since retired)
Aaron M. Yoder, University of Nebraska Medical Center – aaron.yoder@unmc.edu
Posted on

Confined Spaces: Emergencies and Rescue

Use the following format to cite this article:

Confined space: Emergencies and rescue. (2012) Ag Safety and Health eXtension Community of Practice. Retrieved from https://ag-safety.extension.org/confined-spaces-emergencies-and-rescue/.

Entering a confined-space manure storage area can be deadly. Farm and ranch managers, family members, and employees must have a complete understanding of what to do in the event of a confined-space emergency and ways to avoid such an incident.

If you find a victim unresponsive in a manure storage area, immediately call 911. Inform the operator that the incident involves a person in a confined-space manure storage area so that the appropriate emergency response personnel can be dispatched to the scene. Emergency responders trained in confined-space rescue will be equipped with the necessary rescue apparatus and gas detection equipment. Do not enter the manure storage area under any circumstances.

While waiting for an emergency response team, ventilate the area by blowing fresh air into the space, moving the toxic air away from the victim. Keep a ventilation fan readily available specifically for such emergencies. When using a fan, be aware of the following recommendations:

  • Do not use typical barn or home fans to ventilate manure-storage areas because they may emit sparks from static electricity or an electrical short. If flammable methane gas has collected in the storage area, a spark could cause a fire.
  • Never attempt to get fresh air closer to the victim by lowering a fan into the confined space.
  • Make sure that the ventilation fan does not blow the manure gases back toward you, affecting your breathable air.

Preventing Confined-Space Manure Storage Emergencies

Take the following precautions on your farm or ranch to reduce the risk of a confined-space manure storage emergency:

  • Warning Signs: Post warning signs (example is shown below) about the risks of confined spaces and gas hazards at the openings to manure storage areas. Include warnings against walking or driving on crusted manure surfaces.

    Confined Space Sign

(Source: Pennsylvania State University. Agricultural Safety and Health)

  • Limited Access: Limit access to manure storage areas to authorized personnel. Take these specific steps to keep people away from manure storage areas:
    • Equip exterior ladders with locking mechanisms.
    • Remove temporary-access ladders from areas surrounding aboveground tanks.
    • When manure storage areas are open, place barricades at the openings of storage areas.
    • Install and maintain fencing around uncovered ground-level storage areas such as manure ponds or lagoons.
  • Education: Educate employees, family members, and visitors about the hazards associated with manure storage in confined spaces.
  • Entry Plan: Prepare and document an entry plan for entering confined spaces where manure is stored. Review the entry plan annually with all employees and family members. The entry plan should include specific physical details about the confined space, descriptions of potential hazards, reasons for entry, procedures for entry, and procedures to follow during emergencies.
  • Two-Person Minimum: Require that two people be present for any confined-space entry and that both individuals be trained in entry and rescue techniques. The person outside the manure storage area should maintain verbal and visual contact with the person inside the confined space at all times. The person outside the storage area should be available to summon help and to implement the rescue and retrieval system if necessary. This person should not enter the manure storage area, even in the event of an emergency.
  • Gas Detection: Use gas detection equipment to monitor oxygen levels and levels of explosive and toxic gases in the confined space.

Gas Monitor

(Source: Pennsylvania State University. Agricultural Safety and Health)

  • Ventilation: Prior to entry, ventilate the confined-space manure storage area for a minimum of 15 minutes and continue ventilation during entry and occupancy. A positive-pressure ventilation system is recommended because of the reduced risk of fire or explosion.
  • Body Harness: Require that the person entering the manure storage area carry a portable gas monitor and wear an adjustable body harness with a lifeline attached to a rescue and retrieval system. A typical rescue and retrieval system uses a tripod device equipped with a winch to limit a person’s fall and retrieve a person who has been incapacitated.
  • Power-Source Lockout: To reduce the risk of stray electricity, prior to entry, lock out all power sources in the confined-space manure storage area other than the positive-pressure ventilation system.

Additional Safety Recommendations

  • Remember that youth under the age of 16 are prohibited from working in confined spaces.
  • Provide training about the hazards associated with confined-space manure storage to every person working on, living on, or visiting the farm or ranch.
  • Ventilate manure storage areas appropriately to increase oxygen and decrease explosive and toxic manure gases.
  • Remove personnel and animals from the confinement building during manure storage agitation or pumping. If you are unable to remove the animals, maximize ventilation and begin agitating very slowly while monitoring the animals for abnormal behavior.
  • Prohibit smoking in and around manure storage areas.
  • Operate manure agitators below the surface of liquid manure to reduce the release of manure gases.
  • Leave 1 to 2 cu. ft. of space above the manure to contain released gases. If you are unable to leave the recommended space, lower the manure level prior to agitation.

Use the following format to cite this article:

Confined space: Emergencies and rescue. (2012) Farm and Ranch eXtension in Safety and Health (FReSH) Community of Practice. Retrieved from https://ag-safety.extension.org/confined-spaces-emergencies-and-rescue/.

Sources

Hallman, E. & Aldrich, B. (2007) Hydrogen sulfide in manure handling systems: Health and safety issues. Cornell University Manure Management Program. Retrieved from https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/60609.

Hill, D., Murphy, D., Steel, J., & Manbeck, H. (2011) Confined space manure storage emergencies. Penn State Extension. Retrieved from https://extension.psu.edu/confined-space-manure-storage-emergencies.

Ogejo, J. (2009) Poultry and livestock manure storage: Management and safety. Virginia Cooperative Extension. Retrieved from https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-308/442-308.html.

Reviewed and Summarized by:
Linda M. Fetzer, Pennsylvania State University – lmf8@psu.edu
LaMar Grafft, East Carolina University – grafftl@ecu.edu
Davis E. Hill, Pennsylvania State University – (has since retired)
Dennis J. Murphy, Pennsylvania State University – (has since retired)
Aaron M. Yoder, University of Nebraska Medical Center – aaron.yoder@unmc.edu
Posted on

Age-Appropriate Tasks for Children on Farms and Ranches


Use the following format to cite this article:

Age-appropriate tasks for children on farms and ranches. (2012) Farm and Ranch eXtension in Safety and Health (FReSH) Community of Practice. Retrieved from http://www.extension.org/pages/63149/age-appropriate-tasks-for-children-on-farms-and-ranches.

 

Children play an active role on many farms and ranches, but it is the responsibility of parents, caregivers, or supervisors to assign them age-appropriate tasks, restrict access to work areas, give easy-to-understand instructions, provide personal protective equipment (PPE), maintain equipment with operational safety devices, and provide supervision to reduce the risk of injury or death. The most common causes of agricultural-related fatalities for children are machinery or tractor accidents, drowning, and motor vehicle accidents, including accidents involving all-terrain vehicles (ATV). Most nonfatal injuries result from falls or incidents with livestock.

Because rates of physical and mental development can vary from child to child, understanding how children develop is critical to identifying age-appropriate tasks for them. A child’s size, strength, motor skills, and coordination are all factors in determining whether he or she is physically able to complete certain tasks. But you must also determine whether a child has the cognitive skills to understand and follow instructions, make good decisions, and understand that unsafe actions may have consequences that lead to injury or death. Click here to view Children and Safety on the Farm, a publication furnished by Penn State Extension that provides a comprehensive chart of the developmental characteristics of children from birth through age 18 and offers details about how children develop, common causes of injury or death for each age group, strategies to prevent accidents, and appropriate work tasks.

Choosing the Right Tasks

Child feeding calf

(Source: Pennsylvania State University. Agricultural Safety and Health)

Children are eager to work on the farm or ranch alongside other family or team members. However, it is important to understand that each farm task has a certain level of risk associated with it. Children working on a farm or ranch need the appropriate physical and cognitive maturity to complete any assigned tasks. The North American Guidelines for Children’s Agricultural Tasks (NAGCAT) guidelines are contained in a searchable database that enables you to identify a farm task and follow a checklist  to determine a child’s ability to complete the task. Click here to be linked to the National Children’s Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety – Safety Guidelines to determine whether a farm task is appropriate for a child.

Key Points about Children Working on Farms and Ranches:

  • A child should never be an extra rider on a tractor. The rule is “one seat one rider.”
  • Supervise all children. Do not leave them alone on the farm or ranch.
  • Provide children with the appropriate PPE for a given task and teach children the proper use and fit of any items of PPE.
  • Keep equipment in proper working condition.
  • Do not allow visiting children into farm work areas; restrict such areas to children working on the farm.
  • Be a good role model by wearing PPE and following safe operating procedures.
  • If children are not physically and cognitively ready to work on the farm, ensure that they have appropriate child care and are not in farm work areas.
  • Routinely inspect your farm or ranch for hazards and immediately remove these dangers.
  • Encourage children to participate in local farm and ranch safety activities. To learn more about farm safety activities in your area, contact your local Cooperative Extension office. Click here to link to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) listing of Cooperative Extension offices.

 

Use the following format to cite this article:

 

Age-appropriate tasks for children on farms and ranches. (2012) Farm and Ranch eXtension in Safety and Health (FReSH) Community of Practice. Retrieved from http://www.extension.org/pages/63149/age-appropriate-tasks-for-children-on-farms-and-ranches.

 

Sources

2011 Fact Sheet: Childhood Agricultural Injuries. (2011) National Children’s Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety. Retrieved from https://www3.marshfieldclinic.org/proxy///mcrf-centers-nfmc-nccrahs-chil….

Graham, L. & Oesterreich, L. (2004) Farm safety for young children. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. Retrieved from https://store.extension.iastate.edu/ItemDetail.aspx?ProductID=5097.

Murphy, D. & Hackett, K. (1997) Children and safety on the farm. Pennsylvania State University College of Agricultural Sciences Cooperative Extension. Retrieved from http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/ub030.pdf.

National Children’s Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety – Safety Guidelines (2017) Retrieved from  https://www.cultivatesafety.org/safety-guidelines-search/?category=famil….

Schwab, C., Shutske, J., & Miller, L. (2001) Match age, abilities to farm chores. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. Retrieved from https://store.extension.iastate.edu/ItemDetail.aspx?ProductID=4994.

Youth agricultural safety. (2003) Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.marshfieldclinic.org/proxy/mcrf-centers-nfmc-resources-childr….

 

Reviewed and Summarized by:
Linda M. Fetzer, Pennsylvania State University – lmf8@psu.edu
Prosper Doamekpor, Tuskegee University – doamekpor@mytu.tuskegee.edu
Dennis J. Murphy, Pennsylvania State University (Has since retired)
Michael Pate, Pennsylvania State University – mlp79@psu.edu
Aaron M. Yoder, University of Nebraska Medical Center – aaron.yoder@unmc.edu
Posted on

Do cows have similar vision to humans?

No, cows have what is referred to as panoramic vision. This means they can see things in all directions without moving their heads. They have 300° vision because they can see everything except what is directly behind them. A person approaching a cow from directly behind the animal is in a very dangerous position as the cow’s natural reaction is to kick toward the unseen danger.

Cows have poor depth perception. If there is an object on the ground or a shadow in a cow’s path, the cow will likely stop and put its head down before proceeding. When trying to move cows, stay within their field of vision and check the path of movement for any objects or shadows that may cause the cow to stop.

Certain fence and gate configurations may challenge a cow’s depth perception, making it difficult to move the animal efficiently. For example, a cow will not perceive an opening that is at a right angle to the end of an alleyway. The animal will balk at being moved in this situation.

For more information about moving cattle, click here to view the article “Beef Cattle Handling Safety.”

Posted on

Manure Foaming

Foaming Manure

Foaming Manure – Source: Schimdt, UMN.

 

Use the following format to cite this article:

Manure foaming. (2012) Farm and Ranch eXtension in Safety and Health (FReSH) Community of Practice. Retrieved from http://www.extension.org/pages/63144/manure-foaming.

 

Foam in manure pits can be a danger both to animals and workers around the pits. Manure foaming occurs primarily in hog facilities, most commonly in the midwestern United States and Canada. The causes of manure foaming remain a mystery. Manure foaming is not predictable, and no known solutions work in every situation. It is therefore important to understand the risks posed by foaming manure and ways to reduce those risks.

Foam is defined as a mass of bubbles of gas on the surface of a liquid. Rather than being crusty or fluffy, foaming manure has a thick, mucous consistency. In manure pits, the bubbles do not burst but rather cling together.

One theory suggests that a specific microbial population causes foaming in manure pits. Another theory suggests that filamentous microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, or algae) are the cause. Neither theory has been confirmed, and research into the causes of manure foaming continues. Possible triggers include a high content of manure solids resulting from water conservation practices; cool weather patterns; reduced antibiotic use; feeding or diet adjustments; changes in DDGS; changes in corn, including genetic modifications; moldy and/or lightweight corn; and changes in the type or quantity of fat fed to the animals. 

Dangers of Foaming Manure

Foam in manure pits may be linked to suffocation of hogs and incidents of fire and explosion. Methane (CH4) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are gases produced during the anaerobic breakdown of manure. Methane is a highly flammable gas that can lead to asphyxiation at high levels. The foam in manure pits captures methane, resulting in concentrations of methane in the foam that can be as high as 60% to 70% (600,000 to 700,000 ppm), which is higher than the concentration at which explosions can occur. When the foam bubbles are disturbed or broken, the captured methane is released at an explosive concentration of 5% to 20% (50,000 to 200,000 ppm). If there is an ignition source near an explosive concentration of methane, an explosion or a flash fire could occur. 

Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas that smells like rotten eggs at low levels but can overcome a person’s sense of smell at levels of 100 ppm or higher. Hydrogen sulfide is heavier than air and can collect in the floor or lower areas of the pit. Exposure to hydrogen sulfide can cause eye and nose irritation, headache, nausea, and death.

In addition to the danger of explosion or fire, foaming manure poses an asphyxiation risk for both people and hogs when foam rises through the slats in a barn. Anyone working within the building or in the immediate area should be informed about the dangers of foaming manure, including the hazards of methane and hydrogen sulfide. No smoking should be permitted in or near the building.

Methods of Treatment

There are no proven ways to prevent manure foaming; at present, the focus remains on treating the symptoms. Below are some treatments that have yielded mixed results:

  • Water – Spraying water, running sprinklers, or using soaker systems can break the bubbles in foam, releasing the methane in a relatively safe manner. If you are using water to break down foam, remember to follow recommended ventilation practices.
  • Antifoam agents – There are several antifoam agents on the market. Although some have had limited success in reducing foam, none have proven effective on a consistent basis.
  • Microbial enhancements – Microbial enhancements, typically in the form of feed or manure additives, have been effective on an inconsistent basis.
  • Microbial control – Microbial control refers to changes in pH or oxygen levels or the use of antibiotics.

Due to the unpredictable nature of manure foaming, you should complete an audit of manure pits at least once a month. The purpose of the audit is to monitor pits for changes in manure consistency, increases in foam, and other such indicators of a potential problem. Based on information gathered in the audit, you can make necessary management decisions about using a treatment or changing the pumping schedule.

Emergency Action Plans

Develop an emergency action plan and review it annually with employees. It is especially important that anyone on-site during pit pumping receive training about the action plan. The emergency action plan should include a list of clean-up and containment practices in the event of an overflow, breach, leak, fire, or emergency land application. Due to the potential risk of fire or explosion, include in the action plan an evacuation route for employees. In addition, make sure that all employees know the location of fire extinguishers, hose cabinets, fire blankets, and other types of safety equipment. As a farm or ranch manager, make sure that you have necessary safety equipment and that it is in proper working order.

During pit pumping, remember to keep on hand the contact information of first responders, including the fire department, hospital, and police. When calling 911, give your name, location, contact information, and details about the emergency. 

Precautions during Agitation and Pumping

When foaming manure is present, the risk of explosion necessitates additional precautions during pit agitation and pumping. It is strongly recommended that you pump manure pits when the barn is empty. People should remain outside of the building during agitation and pumping. After checking that everyone is out of the facility, add a physical barrier such as yellow caution tape or place warning signs to ensure that no one enters the facility during the process.

Any ignition sources should be turned off and locked out. Possible ignition sources include welders, heaters, motors, and other equipment, such as a feeding system, that uses electricity. (Because of the importance of ventilation, discussed in the next section, ventilation systems that use electricity may operate during agitation and pumping.) 

Do not agitate the manure until the top of the manure surface is at least two feet below the floor slats. Agitate the manure below the surface of the liquid manure and stop the process if you can no longer agitate below the surface level. Agitate intermittently to reduce the risk of sudden gas release.

When possible, cover pump-out ports unless they are needed for agitation or manure load-out, and cover the pump-out around the agitation with a tarp. After pumping is complete, remember to secure manure pit covers.

Ventilation during Agitation and Pumping

Proper ventilation is one of the most important safety measures during agitation and pumping of manure pits. Regularly check your ventilation system to ensure that it is in proper working condition. Use a ventilation rate of 20 to 30 cfm per animal to dilute the methane concentration below 5%. Ventilation inlets, curtains, and pivot doors should be open during the ventilation process. For naturally ventilated barns, make sure that inlets and outlets are open. Circulation fans used in the summer do not provide the necessary air exchange needed during agitation or pumping, so plan these processes for days when wind is present to increase the amount of fresh air circulating through the building.

Ventilation for Curtain-Sided Barns

Ventilation procedures for curtain-sided barns differ slightly depending on weather conditions. When the weather is warm with winds over 5 mph, run exhaust fans while the curtains are open. On a calm day, the sidewall curtains should remain closed with the fans running. If, however, you are running more than half of the fans, the curtains should remain open during the pumping process. During colder weather, keep the curtains closed while running the exhaust fans.

If you are using a stir fan, use a horizontally directed fan rather than a fan directed downward, to reduce pockets of gas concentrations and to ensure that contaminated gas does not blow back onto hogs. Ventilate for approximately one to two hours after pumping and prior to entering the barn.

Ventilation for Tunnel-Ventilated Barns

During warm or hot weather, run all of the pit fans and a minimum of two tunnel fans. The procedure is slightly different for cold or moderate weather, but you should nevertheless run all of the pit fans and the 36 in. fan and open the tunnel curtain approximately 6 to 12 in. to provide air movement through the entire length of the barn. Remember to reduce the static pressure of the inlet velocity at the tunnel curtain from the regular setting of 800 fpm to 1,000 fpm to a lower setting of 300 fpm to 400 fpm. During both cold and hot weather, partially close mechanized/motorized ceiling inlets to allow air to enter from the tunnel curtain. Ventilate for approximately one to two hours after pumping and prior to entering the barn.

 

 

 

Resources

Click here to watch an informative video by Dr. David Schmidt from Iowa State University Extension about foaming manure pits.

 

Use the following format to cite this article:

Manure foaming. (2012) Farm and Ranch eXtension in Safety and Health (FReSH) Community of Practice. Retrieved from http://www.extension.org/pages/63144/manure-foaming.

 

Sources

Burns, R. & Moody, L. (2009) Literature review – deep pit swine facility flash fires and explosions: Sources, occurrences, factors, and management. Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering. No longer available online.

Foaming manure. (2011) Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs. Retrieved from http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/swine/news/mayjun10a1.htm.

Jacobson, L. (n.d.) Safety measures to prevent barn explosions during pit pumping. University of Minnesota Extension. Retrieved from http://www.agweb.com/article/safety-measures-to-prevent-barn-explosions-….

Rieck-Hinz, A., Shouse, S., & Brenneman, G. (2010) A top ten list: Preparing for fall manure application. Iowa State University, Iowa Manure Management Action Group. Retrieved from http://www.agronext.iastate.edu/immag/info/toptenlist.pdf.

Understanding foam and pump-out safety. (2010) Iowa Pork Producers Association. No longer available online.

 

Reviewers, Contributors and Summarized by:
Linda M. Fetzer, Pennsylvania State University – lmf8@psu.edu
LaMar Grafft, East Carolina University – grafftl@ecu.edu
Davis E. Hill, Pennsylvania State University (Has since retired)
Dennis J. Murphy, Pennsylvania State University (Has since retired)
Ron Odell, Cactus Feeders, LTD. – ron-odell@cactusfeeders.com
Cheryl Skjolaas, University of Wisconsin – skjolaas@wisc.edu
Aaron M. Yoder, University of Nebraska Medical Center – aaron.yoder@unmc.edu
Posted on

Back Injuries and Production Agriculture


Use the following format to cite this article:

Back injuries and production agriculture. (2012) Farm and Ranch eXtension in Safety and Health (FReSH) Community of Practice. Retrieved from http://www.extension.org/pages/63143/back-injuries-and-production-agricu….

 

Farmers and ranchers are vulnerable to developing back injuries because of risk factors in the workplace such as awkward postures, whole-body vibration, repetitive motions, and forceful exertions, including heaving lifting. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), back injuries are one of the leading causes of disability in the workplace and cause human suffering and loss of productivity and strain the compensation system.

The spine is composed of vertebrae, bony blocks stacked on top of each other to support the trunk and head, allow flexibility, and protect the spinal cord. Discs act as cushions between vertebrae and have strong outer shells and jelly-like middles. The muscles located on the back, abdomen, and buttocks provide stability and help maintain proper posture.

A back injury can develop gradually from a repetitive activity or suddenly from a single traumatic event, such as improperly lifting a load or lifting a load that is too heavy. Back impairments can range from mild and temporary to incapacitating and permanent. Many acute back injuries occur when doing activities, such as the following, that exceed the capacity of muscles, tendons, or discs:

  • Reaching while lifting or lifting with bad posture
  • Engaging in unaccustomed work
  • Engaging in repetitive lifting with inadequate rest
  • Bending or twisting while lifting
  • Lifting objects that are too heavy
  • Lifting with improper foot placement

Prolonged driving of vehicles that cause whole-body vibration, such as tractors or trucks, can be a risk factor for developing a back impairment. Whole-body vibration can aggravate existing back injuries and increase pain levels.

Typical treatment  for a back injury can include physical therapy and medication, but more complex treatments may be necessary for a debilitating back impairment. Therapy usually involves stretching exercises, walking, and normal activity, provided that activity is not excessively strenuous. Consult a health care professional for specific treatment recommendations.

Strategies to Prevent Back Injuries

A back impairment can happen in any type of home, work, or recreational environment. Basic injury-prevention strategies include staying healthy and fit, maintaining good posture, and getting regular exercise. According to WorkSafeBC, using the following strategies when bending, lifting, and carrying objects can help reduce the risk of a back impairment:

  • Place your feet apart to improve your balance and center your body weight.
  • Maintain a good grip on the object and use appropriate gloves when needed. 
  • Keep a straight back when possible and avoid awkward postures.
  • Hold the object as close to your body as possible.
  • Use smooth, slow motions to lift and carry a load.
  • Never twist your back or waist, but rather pivot with your feet if you need to turn.
  • When you have the option, push rather than pull a load.
  • Prior to lifting, make sure that there are no obstructions in your intended path.
  • Get help with heavy, awkward loads.

Responding to Back Injuries

If you are the manager at a farm or ranch and there is a pattern of back injuries related to a specific task, you should examine the task and complete a job safety analysis (JSA) to identify hazards associated with the task and develop controls to reduce the risk of injury for workers. 

Additional Recommendations

  • When possible, rely on machinery or equipment such as pushcarts, hand trucks, wheelbarrows, or hoists to move objects. 
  • If you are taking medication for a back injury, check prescriptions and any over-the-counter medications to ensure that medication will not impact your ability to safely operate equipment.
  • Work with a partner to lift objects that are heavy or bulky. Team lifting should be done by two people of similar size who can communicate and work together.
  • Rotate employees between lifting and nonlifting tasks.

For a demonstration of proper lifting techniques, watch the following video:

Resource

Click here to view back stretching and strengthening exercises recommended by the Mayo Clinic.

Use the following format to cite this article:

Back injuries and production agriculture. (2012) Farm and Ranch eXtension in Safety and Health (FReSH) Community of Practice. Retrieved from http://www.extension.org/pages/63143/back-injuries-and-production-agricu….

Sources

Back disorders and injuries. (n.d.) OSHA Technical Manual. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_vii/otm_vii_1.html.

Back talk: An owner’s manual for backs. (2010) Workers Compensation Board of British Columbia. Retrieved from http://www.okneurospine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/backTalk.pdf.

Sesto, M. (2002) Chronic musculoskeletal disorders in agriculture for partners in agricultural health. University of Wisconsin–Madison: Department of Industrial Engineering. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0e39/28668ec0d7aa2d4b8d26463e8e1107966a….

Whole-body vibration in agriculture. (2009) Health and Safety Executive. Retrieved from http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/ais20.pdf.

 
Reviewed and Summarized by:
Linda M. Fetzer, Pennsylvania State University – lmf8@psu.edu
Andrew Merryweather, University of Utah – a.merryweather@utah.edu
Dennis J. Murphy, Pennsylvania State University (Has since retired)
Robert Stuthridge, Purdue University – rstuthri@purdue.edu
Aaron M. Yoder, University of Nebraska Medical Center – aaron.yoder@unmc.edu
Proudly powered by WordPress